Luogo e data di registrazione		Philharmonie, Berlin (Germania) - maggio 2005
	Registrazione: live / studio		live
	Executive Producer		Christopher Alder
	Recording Engineers		Eberhard Hinz & Kai Mielisch
	Balance Engineer		Klaus-Peter Gross
	Editing		Klaus-Peter Gross
	Project Coordinator		Matthias Spindler
	Prima Edizione CD		Deutsche Grammophon - 00289 477 5574 - (1 CD) - durata 71' 29" - (p) 2005 - DDD
	Note		Cover Photo: © Cordula Groth

MAHLER'S FOURTH AND BERG'S SEVEN - Symphony and Songs The audience gathered in Munich for the premiere of Mahler's Fourth Symphony on 25 November 1901, played by the Kaim Orchestre under the composer's direction, must have been surprised by what they heard in the opening bars: jingling sleighbells. Another surprise to those anticipating that a symphony in G might reasonably start in G would have been the B minor of the sleighbells' first oppearance. But once this tiny, arresting and deliberately mystitying prelude is over, the music drops guilelessly into G major and a long Schubertian opening melody. What ensues is a "classical" exposition, with easily discernible first and second subjects, and even a brief gesture towards the "classical" exposition repeat. Then in the development Mahler begins to explore textures, tonalities, diverse orchestration and, above all, counterpoint. The high profile of this counterpoint is undoubtedly part of his deliberate neo-clsssicizing - indeed we hear, for the first time in his oeuvre, on unmistakable anticipation of the complex motivic polyphony characterizing the textures of the next three, wholly instrumental symphonies. Mahler's Fourth stands as a unique manifestation of the symphonist in transition. At that critical juncture where the development has to find its way back to the first subject and the tonic key, Mahler does something subtle, characteristic and, from a technical, compositional point of view, utterly virtuosic. He combines the winding down of the development with the beginning of the recapitulation. This amazing transition follows the C major climax in which, admidst a maze of bright motivic counterpoint, the trumpets triumphantly articulate an energetic anticipation of "Das himmlische leben", the song that will comprise the finale. And then, just after the trumpets have begun a little military fanfare, the sleighbells return ond bring with them, not only the figuration of the movement's strange little prelude, but also the beginning of the principal theme itself. By the time we reach the double bar, a pause and the tonic G major, we are already mid-way through that long, germinal Schubertian tune. The first limb of the first subject has been recapitulated before the recapitulation proper has even begun! The Scherzo (C minor] is a sequence of dances: three statements of the main section into which are interpolated two trios. Particularly wonderful here is the extraordinary wealth of orchestral colours, shodowy, sharp and piercing, warm and burgeoning. The solo violin is given an elaborate role: Mahler asks for it to be tuned up o whole tone, to be played loud and clear, always unmuted, and to sound like a rustic fiddle, "Freund Hein" was the folklore figure he had in mind here, whose rasping fiddling beckoned those following him to dance aut of life into death. This is a movement suffused with intimations of mortality. But the trios are more relaxed, and behind the solo clarinet tune which we hear at the beginning of the first, there lurks an outline of the "himmlische leben" melody which awaits us in the finale, a camouflaged signpost of innocent joys to come. The great Adagio (G major) opens with a passage of such sublime, stringbased calm that one might be forgiven for thinking that heaven and eternity had already been attained. But it is not to be. There follows in immediate juxtaposition the strongest possible contrast, a much slower E minor lament in which the woodwind (solo oboe, especially) are now predominant. It is typical of Mahler that he should present the work's fundamental conflict in such unequivocally contrasted musical terms: distinct themes, distinct tonalities, distinct orchestrations, differentiated tempi. Similarly, he manipulates these contrasted ideas in two distinct ways: two sets of variations on the opening theme, alternating with tree developments of the E minor lament; and as so otfen, he keeps us guessing as to which idea will gain the upper hand. The dispatch of sorrovv, torment and doubt is not easily achieved. But the fastest ot the variations, with a move to E maior, gives us an indication of what is to come. Sure enough, after a return to the calm of the beginning of the movement - which leads us to think that the conclusion is in sight- there is an almighty eruption of E major with horns and trumpets blazoning forth the melody which crowned the development section of the first movement, halt surfaced in the trios of the Scherzo, and is soon to be heard in full in its vocal form, the pre-ordained goal towards which the symphony has been systematically progressing. That goal is the finale, Mahler's setting at the "Wunderhorn" poem, "Das himmlische leben". It is a dazzlingly graphic setting, and following the text as you listen is strongly advisable: Mahler's detailed response to the images of the poem then becomes fully apparent, for example the unmistakable lowing of the cattle - bass clarinet, horn and solo double bass, a typically Mahlerian ensemble - as they await slaughter. Death, it seems, is obligatory it life is to be sustained, even in heaven, an irony that no doubt stirred the composer's imagination. From time to time a solemn chorale-like phrase reminds us, amid all the colourful exuberance, that we are in heaven. And it is with the onset of heavenly music ("There's no music on earth that can be compared to ours") that the long-awaited magical shift to E maior recurs and we encounter many of the motives and rhythms that we first heard in the opening movement, now transformed into the final version of the song's sublime melody and representing Mahler's ultimate vision of paradise. "This symphony", the critic Max Graf declared after that first performance, "has to be read from back to front like a Hebrew Bible." It was exactly thus that Mahler organized the brilliant reverse logic of his Fourth Symphony. As we hear the sublime E major that brings the work to its close, we recall the surprising B minor of the sleighbells. But it is a surprise no longer: in fact the dominant minor of E has led us at last to the tonality that has been the symphony's ultimate destination all along. We now understand that the unique journey we have experienced has had its origins in the first three bars of the first movement! As T.S. Eliot once famously wrote: "In my end is my beginning." That is the narrative of Mahler's Fourth. · · · · · Willi Reich writes in his biography of Berg, "As early as 1902, after the Viennese première of Mahler's Fourth Symphony, Berg with a flock of young enthusiasts had stormed the artist's roam and possessed himself of Mahler's baton, which he preserved as a precious relic." Berg would have known and admired Mahler's orchestral songs, and doubtless there was a Mannheim impulse motivating him when in 1928 (post-Wozzeck) he reported to Schoenberg, under whose tutelage the Seven Early Songs had been composed in 1907, that he had completed their orchestration. Berg takes on Mahler's practice of a differently constituted orchestra for each song and applies it to articutate the architecture of the songs' sequence: e.g. strings tor the third, wind for the fifth and the full band for the "framing" first and seventh. Although the songs have diatonic roots, one is constantly aware at Berg's harmony floating away and detaching itself from traditional tonality, an impression of ambiguity deriving in part from his use of the whole-tone scale. The end result is a harmonic style of extraordinary richness and sensuatity which effortlessly catches the imagery of this chain of lyrical poems from diverse sources, each one of them addressed to Helene Nahowski, later to become Berg's wife. Nor can it be doubted that these orchestral songs pay homage to the composer who had been their inspiration, Gustav Mahler. Donald Mitchell